2022-136

Based on the Failure Propagation Model used to describe cascading failures, analyze this network. Consider that each node has the same breakdown threshold \( \varphi = 0.4 \).

1. If a failure starts at node 0, it will not propagate to any other nodes.
2. A failure at node 9 will cascade to nodes 10, 11, and 12.
3. If all nodes have their breakdown threshold changed to \( \varphi = 0.3 \), a failure in any of the network nodes will trigger an avalanche.

Now select the option that contains exactly the true statements:

1. Only 1
2. Only 1 and 3
3. Only 2 and 3
4. All the statements
5. None of the above

Original idea by: Márcia Jacobina